Teaching With Affection Teacher Student Relationship Education Essay

The affectional sphere and the emotional factors that influence in the learning procedure of a pupil have been of involvement in the field of linguistic communication instruction for a figure of old ages. However, the focal point of this research is how learning with fondness by portion of instructors can bring forth a positive impact in the studentA?s larning procedure. Several pieces of research have demonstrated that learning with fondness has a positive impact on the studentA?s larning procedure. In fact the affectional relationship between the kid and the instructor has an huge impact for promoting the childrenA?s societal version and rational success at school. These thoughts are non new because a figure of research workers have stated learning with fondness encourages a positive development in the pupils through high degrees of heat and communicating. The end of this research paper is depicting how a methodological analysis based on learning with fondness can hold a positive impact in the studentA?s larning procedure in a 2nd linguistic communication. With the purpose of bash this, the research is traveling to specify what fondness and learning with fondness is, and is traveling to distinguish it from other methodological analysiss. Peoples who believed in this new methodological analysis as portion of the instruction procedure are precursors of a teaching method based on love ; hence, they need to be named as they finds and chief decisions. Internal as external factors are presented in scholars and it is indispensable have knowledge of them in order to avoid the negatives and increase the positives. Therefore, the teacher-student relationship can be understood in a better manner every bit good as the several advantages as for pupils as instructors within the school and household context. The usage of love and fondness through act ivities that are concerned in the affectional side of scholars alternatively the cognitive ; and the individual alternatively of the subject are cardinal for the pupil ‘s larning procedure in a 2nd linguistic communication. Teaching is non an easy work ; it demands clip, forbearance, attempt, and cognition. But, even though some instructors have all these constituents they do non obtain good consequences with their pupils. It was this issue that caught my attending and interested me for look intoing in a elaborate manner. It was in this manner that seeking information added to my old cognition I found the fondness given by instructors is important in the studentA?s larning procedure. The affectional relationship between person who is in charge of another has a positive impact in his/her societal and personal development. In this instance the relationship would be between the instructor in charge of the category and the pupil ; hence, such relationship would be like a parent and a kid. This connexion is rather similar to the instance of a female parent and her newborn babe. If the babe receives adequate love and fondness he will turn up healthier, he will be able to accommodate to different contexts in a better manner, and he will hold a good physical, societal, personal, and cognitive development in his life. In contrast, if this babe does non have fondness he will non hold the footing for a good development which will trip many disadvantages for his life, for that ground Ainsworth, Bowlby, Cassidy, Weinfield, Sroufe, Egeland ( 1969/1999 ) quoted by Maldonado ( 2006 ) , stated: The affectional relationship theoretical account established between the kid and the defender in a household context will go the footing of his or her socialisation procedure and the manner he or she adapts in other contexts ( for illustration, school ) ( p.2 ) Through this illustration it is possible to associate the affectional relationship between a instructor and a pupil because the fondness given by a instructor can do large alterations in the life of a kid as in the academic success as in his/her full life. Nevertheless most of the times are mentioned constructs like affectional relationship, learning with fondness, affectional interaction, but what affect means. The term affect has to make with facets of our emotional being ( Arnold, 1999 ) and in our currant yearss it can be considered as facets of emotion, feeling, attitude, and temper. Therefore, the map in which the affective sphere is portion in the acquisition procedure is cardinal for making a holistic manner to learn. Cognition used to be the most of import point for acquisition ; but today the combination of knowledge and fondness has increased the possibility of an integrative attack that is non merely concerned about head, but bosom excessively. Ernest Hilgard ( 1963 ) rec ognized acquisition and knowledge specializer states the demand for an integrative attack: â€Å" strictly cognitive theories of acquisition will be rejected unless a function is assigned to affectivity † . As a effect today we can see the knowledge and the fondness as an integrative system, where the combination of both can better the studentA?s behaviour from a comprehensive apprehension of the individual. Besides it creates a better method for larning a 2nd linguistic communication where the interaction between the instructor and the pupil is the indispensable. Interest in affectional factors, and learning through fondness is non something new. Several research workers and authors have investigated about these subjects with the purpose of bettering the manner how instructors teach. Within the most accepted research workers it is possible to call the parts of Pestalozzi, Lozanov, Montessori, Sutherland Neil, Moskowitz and many others. Although some of them did non specifically advert the fondness as a manner to learn in their Hagiographas they implicitly did. One of the precursors of this conceptualisation was Johan Pestalozzi who believed kids needed an emotionally unafraid environment and the schoolroom in bend should be like a household ; hence the classroom must possess the ambiance of a loving household. Another research worker involved in the educational issues and it had a similar overview was Alexander Sutherland Neil who stated that kids must be happy and free ; they must have attention and love for accomplishing self-government and critical thought. MoskowitzA?s thoughts of using humanistic activities with the pupils with the purpose of larning a 2nd linguistic communication were another advanced system for learning in the 20th century. Through the usage of humanistic activities she stated it is possible interrupting the ice and acquiring the pupils speaking about themselves. Such activities are cardinal for pupils who are larning a 2nd linguistic communication due to they experience motivated for pass oning something that truly affairs to them. Those ideas were revolutionists, but at the same clip they were non good seen by everybody. In malice of this, those thoughts for bettering instruction through the affectional and societal development of the pupils had come to new coevalss of instructors. The linguistic communication acquisition is really influenced by some internal factors of scholars which can further or avoid the procedure. Krashen ( 1981 ) established a theory of 2nd linguistic communication acquisition composed by five chief hypotheses. The 5th hypothesis is related to the affectional filter presented when we get a 2nd linguistic communication. He stated pupils with motive, self-esteem, and low degrees of anxiousness are much more likely to be successful in their procedure of geting a 2nd linguistic communication. On the contrary, if pupils have low degree of motive and self-pride and high degree of anxiousness will non be able to come on of course in their 2nd linguistic communication procedure. KrashenA?s hypothesis reaffirms that there are some factors that enable or perplex the possibility scholars get the linguistic communication. One of the most normally and influential factor is motive ; which can be intrinsic and extrinsic that will depend on where comes from. Intrinsic motive that comes from the scholar is important for the development of a 2nd linguistic communication because if you do non experience motivated for making something you are non traveling to make that. The extrinsic motive that comes from external factors appears as a consequence the desire of acquiring a wages or avoiding a penalty. Even though both types of motive are indispensable for prosecuting the pupils in the development of a 2nd linguistic communication, and both are complementary it seems the intrinsic motive is more meaningful for scholars. Chomsky ( 1998 ) quoted by Arnold ( 1999 ) conveyed this issue through this manner â€Å" The truth of the affair is that approximately 99 per centum of instruction is acquiring pupils interested in the stuff † ( p. 30 ) . This duality between intrinsic and extrinsic motive can complement to each other because if there is involvement for acquiring a good grade or winning something ; possibly the pupil is travelin g to be interested in larning more because he/she realizes is good making that. Therefore, from an external motive an internal motive arises. Another factor that negatively affects the learning procedure of a pupil in a 2nd linguistic communication is the anxiousness. The anxiousness is one of the affectional factors that hinder and damage the relationship between the scholar and the procedure of larning a 2nd linguistic communication. This factor is related to pessimistic feelings such as defeat, insecurity, fright, and tenseness which become dulled the teaching-learning procedure. It is non truly clear why this negative factor appears, but in the acquisition of foreign linguistic communications and 2nd languages the anxiousness is one of the factors that provoke more jobs with the pupils. Some research workers believe anxiousness emerges after a individual has been ridiculed by stating something incorrect, for case. Another possibility is the anxiousness comes from the childhood of a pupil ; hence, in that instance the scholar has a rejection for something that took topographic point in the yesteryear. In order to cut do wn the anxiousness instructors can do large attempts for diminishing the high degrees of anxiousness through love and fondness. The teacher-student relationship is cardinal in this facet because they can make environments that make pupils experience comfy in the category. Teachers can advance the self-esteem and assurance of the pupils with high degrees of anxiousness and supplying them chances for take parting in the category. Furthermore, instructors must cut down the competition within the category, they must promote their pupils through the relaxation, laugh, and merriment, and eventually they must advance pupils use positive phrases and larn to believe in themselves ( Arnold, 1999 ) . If instructors follow these straightforward procedures they can do a immense alteration at the minute their pupils face the learning procedure of a 2nd linguistic communication. Although, the involvement for look intoing the affectional relationship is non wholly new, in recent old ages research workers have been concerned in a peculiar type of affectional relationship: the teacher-student affectional relationship. Sundry of surveies have agreed the passage from the household context to the school context concentrating on the elements the kids learn and assimilate from their early relationship theoretical accounts with their basic attention givers, and the transference of these elements to relationships with others ( i.e. their equals ) in a non-familiar context ( Elicker, Englund & A ; Sroufe, 1992 ; Bryant & A ; DeMorris, 1992 ; Dodge, Pettit & A ; Bates, 1994 ) . The function of the instructors in the school in non simply rate the studentA?s public presentation, command the subject, and to be concerned of learning the contents. Teachers besides are disquieted of the personal jobs of the pupils, their demands, and give them love and care when they require it. Therefore, instructors assume the utility function of a female parent, a male parent or a attention giving figure. The positive passage from the household context to school context will depend on the societal and affectional interaction between the kid and his/her instructor. In the first old ages and with the changeless interaction among the kid and his/her parents the kid learns a assortment of accomplishments, outlooks and motives that she/he will convey to other people. These people in the hereafter will be her/his instructors ; the most close people in the school. Pianta et. al accomplished a research in which they discovered a connexion in the security provided by the teacher-student bond and the mother-child bond, so if be a good relationship between the female parent and her kid it will hold a satisfactory fond regard between the instructor and the pupil. The first theoretical accounts kids have in their childhood can forestall negative factors such as unequal behaviour and jobs related to the societal version and success at school. Warmth and fondness occur in the context of day-to-day modus operandis, activities and interactions at the schoolroom. These qualities must be reiterated by portion of instructors due to the thought is pupils experience engaged with what they are larning. Therefore, if they see warmth and fondness in some instances and in other state of affairss they see their instructor is out of control they are non traveling to experience secure for holding a good relationship with their instructor. If there is an emotional environment and instructors willing for working with their pupils and sing their affectional side, non merely the cognitive 1 it can happen tremendous alterations with respect to the studentA?s behaviour and the academic development of them. Harmonizing to Twardosz ( 2005 ) Warmth and fondness contribute to procure relationships between kids and grownups ; supply theoretical accounts of positive, soft behaviour ; are linked with kids ‘s ability to interact positively with equals ; and can assist incorporate withdrawn kids and kids with disablements into the equal group. ( p.2 ) As a consequence learning with fondness provides several advantages for scholars sing their personal and societal development and at the same time contributes to a better relationship between the scholar and her/his instructor. At the minute to larn a 2nd linguistic communication pupils seem to hold some frights which interfere with the development of larning the mark linguistic communication. Factors that were seen before similar deficiency of motive and anxiousness may arouse a distant relationship between the pupils and the 2nd linguistic communication. As instructors do non desire a cold fond regard they must be sensitive and emotional with the procedure to learn a 2nd linguistic communication. A linguistic communication which is non the studentA?s female parent lingua can ensue hard at the beginning, particularly if scholars have had to confront a traumatic experience. ( e.g. , schoolmates ‘ gags ) . Therefore emerged an attack focused in group kineticss with the intent to better the teaching-learning procedure in foreign linguistic communications. Kurt Lewin ( 1945 ) who was coined the term group kineticss to depict the positive and negative forces within groups of people. After this, he was foc used on how group kineticss could be applied to existent universe and societal issues. The theory of group contributes to the apprehension of what happens in the schoolroom and it is potentially fruitful for the linguistic communication learning profession. Teachers who are involved with their pupils and truly desire to advance the teaching-learning procedure of a 2nd linguistic communication should be focused in the group kineticss due to they promote the studentA?s liberty and motive for larning a 2nd linguistic communication. Furthermore, they improve the deficiency of subject among the pupils. This attack is concerned chiefly in what occurs between people and how that affects what goes on inside them. It is recommended instructors who are in charge of a category dedicate clip to their pupils and the group ‘s procedures. Besides, they should utilize warm up activities with the purpose to interrupt the ice at the beginning of a class with pupils who do non cognize to each other. Furthermore, it is of import to advance the relationship among the pupils which will better the schoolroom interaction. This can be accomplished by a assortment of activities through brace and group work ; nevertheless, it is indispensable to set up some norms and regulations agreed antecedently by the pupils. Working with group kineticss have a figure of advantages as pupils as instructors. Therefore, this attack can be successfully used for learning foreign linguistic communications because of the security pupils feel at the minute to larn something new, the different parts they can do as a group of work, and the control of the category instructors can hold when they are in forepart of the category. Harmonizing to all the informations presented it seems the Pedagogy based on love has all the elements required for the betterment on studentA?s larning procedure in a 2nd linguistic communication. Lozanov set up pupils must larn in an emotional and unafraid environment from which they will in the hereafter develop their liberty. This construct is based on the development of the Suggestopedia method, one of his most of import plants. This learning method is a sort of release system where scholars feel free, relax, secure and without force per unit area to larn the mark linguistic communication. It is therefore the method is concerned chiefly in the individual, non in the content. The application of this method benefits the teaching-learning procedure every bit good as green goodss advantages in wellness and societal relationships. Lozanov and Gateva ( 1988 ) â€Å" sets up a secure environment, waits until independent behaviour begins to attest itself, and so gently nudges the schol ar into making thing entirely † ( p.216 ) . This overview tries to demo us instructors foremost should supply a comfy and unafraid environment because so pupils will be able to be independent. We can non anticipate at the beginning pupils work entirely ; hence instructors provide the footing and at that clip scholars build their cognition by themselves. The usage of a methodological analysis based on love and fondness seems harmonizing to all the information declared antecedently has a positive impact in studentA?s larning procedure in a 2nd linguistic communication. The emotional sphere takes an of import function and prevails on the cognitive sphere at the minute of acquisition ; this learning theoretical account centered in the pupils and in the environment has contributed in plentifulness at the holistic development of the scholars. The late execution and application of humanistic activities has revealed such activities supply a assortment of advantages for the pupils every bit good as the instructors. Therefore, the benefits of utilizing this sort of tool enrich both participants ; if instructors feel comfy and pleased of working in this manner they will convey this feeling to the pupils and the pupils will be willing and enthusiastic to join forces and larn. But what humanistic activities are? Moskowitz ( 1978 ) states â€Å" humanistic activities are learning linguistic communications techniques that can hold a profound consequence on the lives and personal growing of both pupils and instructors likewise, due to the peculiar ingredients they contain † . Such activities promote pupils take part in the category and larn about the remainder of their schoolmates in an optimistic mode. Surveies have demonstrated the usage of humanistic activities are valuable for learning foreign and 2nd linguistic communications due to they assist to better studentA?s behaviour, temper, and they make categories more gratifying and actuating for scholars. This state of affairs allows pupils experience relaxed and secure for larning another linguistic communication different to their female parent lingua. Harmonizing to Moskowitz ( 1978 ) quoted by Arnold ( 1999 ) : Humanist exercisings trade with heightening self-esteem, going aware of oneA?s strengths, seeing the good in others, deriving penetrations into oneself, developing closer and more hearty relationships, going witting of oneA?s feelings and values and holding a positive mentality on life. ( p.178 ) That is activities concerned in the pupil ‘s growing and in their meaningful acquisition assist them increase their self-esteem and in that manner pupils improve their academic and societal development. As a consequence of this practicum they will acquire better Markss and they will appreciate more their schoolmates, instructors, and the environment that surround them. The application of activities based on fondness inside the schoolroom it is non simply concerned in learning that facet, but fondness is combined with the contents in the appropriate minutes. This will trip pupils experience better with themselves and others, and therefore they will accomplish their ends. The relationship between the usage of humanistic activities and the procedure of larning a 2nd linguistic communication can turn really attractive if instructors learn how to pull off it. Alternatively of supplying contents that are non meaningful and relevant for the pupils instructors can seek scholars speak a bout themselves ( e.g, their experiences, ideas, dreams, feelings, values, aspirations, etc. ) . Consequently they will hold a positive image of larning a 2nd linguistic communication which entails learn about themselves and the remainder of their schoolmates utilizing the mark linguistic communication. Students will experience safe because they merely will speak about them. Some activities that Moskowitz proposes are the undermentioned: working in groups and they tell to others what things they think would do happy to the other schoolmates, besides it possible pupils in groups write in a piece of paper two qualities that they values of each of their schoolmates, so they have to read them aloud. Simple and easy activities can do a immense alteration in the pupil ‘s life and in the pupils ‘ larning procedure particularly when they learn a 2nd linguistic communication. Mozkowitz ‘ surveies corroborate the usage of humanistic activities in 2nd linguistic communication categories contribute helpfully to scholars ‘ behaviour and the fond regard with the mark linguistic communication. Teaching with fondness is a subject that combines learning what learners academically need to cognize, but at the same clip it provides them tools that will be presented the remainder of their life. A Pedagogy based on love and fondness has several advantages for the pupils as it has been reflected in this research ; learning with fondness aid to better pupil ‘s behaviour, temper and societal interaction ; it creates a peacefully and gratifying environment in which instructor and pupils feel comfy for the development of larning a 2nd linguistic communication. However, the chief intent instructors have for doing usage of this attack is pupils can increase their self-esteem and motive and they will be able to cognize more about people who is near to them in the schoolroom context like their schoolmates and instructors. The positive impact of working with the emotional sphere is important in the first ages of kids due to in that period they have the passage from their household context to the school context. Therefore, the instructor in charge of the category and the individual responsible of the pupils has a important function because he/she must supply fondness to his/her p upils for doing them experience safe and relaxed in the schoolroom. Although, this subject is relevant and meaningful for pedagogues has non been investigated in deepness and there is still a deficiency of resources sing the country. For future probes with respect to the teacher-student relationship and the usage of love and fondness as manner to learn I would propose traveling into item of how can teachers become emotional with their pupils without a old readying in their instruction as instructors. Besides, how can a teacher learning with fondness and non be seen as a weak pedagogue is a topic really relevant presents.

Business And Organization: questions and answers Essay

1. Distinguish between an absolute advantage and a comparative advantage. Cite an example of a country that has an absolute advantage and one with a comparative advantage. Absolute advantage is when a monopoly exists in a country when it is the only source and product of an item. Meanwhile, a comparative advantage is when a country can supply products more efficiently and at a lower cost than it can produce other items. South Africa has an absolute advantage because of its diamonds. The United States has a comparative advantage because of the many products we produce. 3. What effect does devaluation have on a nation’s currency? Can you think of a country that has devaluated or revaluated its currency? What have been the results?Devaluation decreases the value of currency in relation to other currencies. Mexico is a country that has devalued their currency. The result of this is to make things less expensive. 4. How do political issues affect international business?Political issues affect international business by it helps to sell products overseas. 5. What is an import tariff? A quota? Dumping? How might a country use import tariffs and quotas to control its balance of trade and payments? Why can dumping result in the imposition of tariffs and quotas?An import tariff is a tax made by the nation on goods imported into the country. A quota limits the amount of products that can be imported into a country. Dumping is a country selling products at less than what it costs to produce them. A country uses import tariffs to protect domestic products by raising the price of imported ones. A country uses quotas by voluntary agreement or by government decree. Dumping can result in the imposition of tariffs and quotas because it permits quick entry into the market or a firm’s product is too small to have a certain level of production. 6. How do social and cultural differences create barriers to international trade? Can you think of any additional social or cultural barriers (other than those mentioned in this chapter) that might inhibit international  business?Social and cultural differences create barriers to international trade by cultural differences in spoken and written languages are different. A certain phrase in America can be defined as something very different and sometimes inappropriate in another culture. Body languages and personal space are also an affect. These differences can cause misunderstandings or uncomfortable feelings toward a specific business. Another cultural barrier may be a certain religion and something that person believes in. A business may be mocking a religion without knowing anything about it. 8. At what levels might a firm get involved in international business? What level requires the least commitment of resources? What level requires the most?A firm might get involved in international business at many levels, it depends on the commitment and effort a certain company decides to involve itself in international trade. The least commitment of resources is a small company on the level of less than 100 employees. The level which requires the most is a large company with more than 500 employees. 9. Compare and contrast licensing, franchising, contract manufacturing, and outsourcing. Licensing is a trade arrangement in which on company allows another to use its company’s name, products, patents, brands, trademarks, raw materials, and many others in exchange for a fee or royalty. Franchising is a form of licensing in which a company agrees to provide their name, logo, methods of operation, advertising, products, and other elements in return for a financial commitment and the agreement to conduct business in accordance with the original standard of operations. Contract manufacturing is when a company hires a foreign company to produce a specified amount of the firm’s product to specification. Outsourcing is transferring manufacturing or other tasks to companies in countries where labor and supplies are less expensive. All of these ideas are similar in the way it helps businesses expand their work into more areas of their own countries or in foreign countries as well. 10. Compare multinational and global strategies. Which is best? Under what circumstances might each be used?Multinational strategies are plans used by  international companies that involve customizing products, promotion, and distribution according to cultural, technological, regional, and national differences. Global strategies involve standardizing products for the whole world. The best is global strategies because it helps the world recognize different cultures and understand the way one culture believes to another. A global strategy is used by American clothing, movies, music, and cosmetics. A Multinational strategy is used by celebrities being advertised in one country but can’t be advertised in another because of the unfamiliarity. Book: Business Organization and Management

Security Chief at a Manufacturing Company

You're the security chief at a manufacturing company that makes small metal hand tools. The plant employs roughly one hundred people. Management has told you that many tools have disappeared. According to company records, the plant produces approximately fifty thousand per day, but far fewer are actually being shipped out. After double-checking the figures to ensure their accuracy, you have concluded that pilferage is the only possible explanation. A meal detector positioned at the employee exit near the time clock would catch anyone trying to smuggle tools out of the factory.Because the purchase cost of a metal detector is prohibited, you have decided to rent one. Anyone caught stealing will immediately be fired, and a note to that effect will become part of the individual's personnel file. You don't want to create an atmosphere of hostility, but you do need to inform the employees about these developments. Write a memo to be posted on the main bulletin board and sent via e-mail. De ar Employees, Due to recent record inconsistencies, the manufacturing company will be reviewing supply and product expenses.Recently brought to our attention is the shortage of production inventory leaving our warehouse plant. Significant security protocols will be implemented as precautions to help reduce cost wherever possible. We ask all employees to keep an open eye for suspicious behavior. Employees caught taking company supplies for personal use, would be grounds for immediate termination and appropriate legal disciplinary actions. Any incident will be reviewed, recorded, and filed for future reference. We thank you for being a part of our company. If you have any questions, comments, or concerns please contact management. Respectfully, -MD

David Cole Interviews Dr. Franciscek Piper Essay - 1

David Cole Interviews Dr. Franciscek Piper - Essay Example But according to interview, Cole has disapproved the theory of concentration camps and gas chambers as gas used was just a disinfectant. Piper was an eye witness to the holocaust and believes that the figure projected by Russian was much higher, only about 1.1 million Jews had died as against the Russian propaganda of 4.4 million Jews who had been exterminated! The bullets marks were that of Air Force raids when it was turned into airbase for Germans while fighting against Allied forces. Cole believes that Auschwitz’ gas chambers and concentration camps were wild imaginations of few and Jews had probably died due to hard working conditions. But 1.1 million is not a small number and if Piper has quoted this number, then mass murders did happen. Whether they were killed or not in gas chambers or were tortured to death in concentration camps is immaterial. I fail to understand the purpose of Cole’s interview with Piper because even though, he has found no evidence that prove that people could have been killed in the gas chamber that was shown to Cole, the interview, nevertheless clearly reveals that such heinous crime was committed in Auschwitz by Germans in WWII. (words:

Contractors and Consultants Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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The MYKI electronic ticketing system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The MYKI electronic ticketing system - Essay Example The MYKI Electronic Ticketing System Although the MYKI electronic ticketing system has been praised a number of times, it has also received a considerable amount of criticisms. These have been generated by the range of failures and loopholes experienced during the project. This project replaced the Metcard ticketing system that was used in Metropolitan Melbourne among other ticketing systems used in busies within the same region. It is the most recent contactless ticketing system that makes use of a smartcard and which is used on public transport. This system started on the 29th of February 2009 and was valid for train service transport of the Metropolitan system (Mitchelle, 2009). From the project management viewpoint, some of the things that have been discovered to have gone wrong include the lack of ability by Lynne Kosky, who was the public transport manager to remember the number that was to be used by passengers to buy a ticket. As a result of this, a computer error occur and r esulted in over 1,600 people receiving new Myki cards onto which their names were printed wrongly or indicated as anonymous. With its production alongside other similar Metcard services, the government continued to make payment in order to ensure that commuters had sufficient opportunity to switch to the Myki electronic ticketing system. Most of the News agents also refused to sell the Myki cards since they earned far less commission from the government than that generated from the other Metcards.

Information Tecnology Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

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Employee Engagement and Employee Voice Paper Essay

Employee Engagement and Employee Voice Paper - Essay Example It is however, not that very much different from employee voice (Kinnie, 2005:40). They both talk about employee involvement and influence towards increasing an organization’s productivity and retention. Employee engagement incorporates attitude and commitment (Edwards, 2009:91). This paper will seek to explore and discuss the various debates surrounding the concepts of employee engagement and employee voice basing its arguments on their definitions and nature in relation to managing employee relationship. The nature of ‘employee engagement’ and ‘employee voice’ in relation to managing the employee relationship As stated, employee engagement is all about behavior and attitude. In this case, attitude refers to employee commitment towards his job while behavior is merely the action to corporate. In other words, behavior in employee engagement can be what people commonly refer to as the extra mile taken by employees to ensure that the organizationâ€℠¢s decision-making process involves them (Buchanan, Fitzgerald, and Ketley, 2007:27). Analytical response to management consultants who happen to partake ‘employee engagement surveys’ it is true to say that engagement is mainly involves engagement with the organization an employee works for and engagement with the employer (Golan, 2007:29). Usually, those who measure employee engagement consider things like the time an employee wishes to stay with an employer, pride that he or she has for the firm that he works for, and their preparedness to exert extra pressure or effort on behalf of the firm (Redman and Snape, 2005:301). With reference to employee engagement and its definition, it is seeable that an employee’s commitment to a supervisor or a manager is more productive and a stronger link to recital compared to commitment towards an organization. This shows that it is not surprising to establish that some employees have multiple loyalties towards different thing s. In a number of situations some employees, in most cases professional workers such as lawyers or nurses, may appear ambivalent towards their boss but prove to be very passionate about their profession, team leader, customer, or co-workers (Kaufman, Beaumont, and Helfgott, 2003:48). One of the reliable cases that captures well this multi-faceted nature and behavior of employees in employee engagement practices is the Employee Engagement Consortium at Kingston University. The researchers stated that; the idea that every employee can make a substantial contribution towards the continuous improvement and successful functioning of all firm’s processes is the fundamental or rather primary concept of employee engagement (Purcell, 2009:44). Engagement is ideally about the creation of opportunities for workers in order to connect with their managers, co-workers, and the overall organization. It is also about creating an environment that motivates employees in view of wanting to buil d a relationship with what they do and care for doing a great job (Kinnie, 2005:61). This study notes the way in which it is evident that employee engagement enables workers to perform better compared to others, become less likely to leave their employer,

Analyse the benefits of deploying tablet computers in organisations Essay

Analyse the benefits of deploying tablet computers in organisations and should focus specifically, and at a minimum, on areas su - Essay Example In addition, new technologies in the field of information technology (IT) are creating ethical dilemmas. The effectiveness and speediness related to the electronic information technology systems that consist of limited and international networks, databases and processing programs for information technology. These systems also force consumers to tackle new rights and responsibilities in order to use the data and re-evaluate principles of advent computers. 1.1 The Significance of Ethics Authority, resource and control are the major resources of the information. In fact, the key to success is the right access towards the information. As a result, the social and political relationships are also involved in the development and growth of information systems. It is more important and ethical that how this information is been utilized by the people. For instance, government levels, headquarters and homes include the electronic systems. This involvement is increased so much that the people no t having access to the information systems are exaggerated in a particular way. For this reason, new and modern techniques, innovative ethical and lawful decisions are needed in order to stable the requirements and privileges of every person (Reynolds 2011). 1.2 Legal Gaps Filled by Ethics The legal decision lags lies as in modern technological field behind technical development and growth. These gaps are filled through confronting on the issue and by discussing the facts on how to use the electronic information should be proceed. Furthermore, the above observation delineates the ethical issues in a broad way. On the contrary, the deciding laws include some characteristics related to the issues. These legal issues should be resolved by the Information Systems electronically. 1.3 Electronic Information System Ethics In relation to the entire community, the ethics consists of moral options choose by the individuals. These include acceptable standards associated with behavior along wit h the governing rules of members for an occupation. Moreover, these expand to computer networks, computerized databases and significantly to a Geographic Information Systems. The issues that are present particularly in the three areas require a little different type of ethical decisions. In general, the Electronic Systems, Geographic Information Systems and Networks are being described individually below 1.3.1 Network as Social Places In modern days, network has become a place to share ideas, thoughts and personal information. It is a social place where individuals can discover friendships, discuss on several issues, share some unusual interests, fight, form groups, show sympathy, proselytize and fall in love. With other traditional activities, these activities have also become a part of life. Ray Oldenburg an author delineates network as a new kind of â€Å"third Place† in which anyone can communicate, share ideas and gather for hospitality a part from home and work which is the first and second place. The hypothesis stated that, the networks can replace chances of social interaction that is been vanished in the modern world of fringes. Moreover, other authors are more conscious regarding the social networking and communicating therefore they termed this as: virtualized communities. One of the examples incorporates Google Inc. that introduced its Buzz social network in February 2010

Bank Julius Baer Case Essay Example for Free

Bank Julius Baer Case Essay Before the arrival and leadership of Stuart Adam (â€Å"Adam†), Bank Julius Baer, North America (â€Å"BJB-NA† or the â€Å"Company†), the largest independently-owned European private bank in the United States, faced financial difficulties. By mid-2001, a worldwide market downturn caused a significant decline in Julius Baer Group’s (â€Å"JB† or the â€Å"Parent†) performance. In 2001, JB’s stock price was down by over 40% while the Parent experienced a 39% decline in net profits, 9% increase in operating expenses and an increase of 14% in employee headcount. BJB-NA, the â€Å"crown jewel† of JB, was barely profitable but no one inside the Company knew its true financial condition. JB had always been led by a member of the Baer family until January 2001. Despite significant family ties at JB, BJB-NA did not have a strong leader to drive the company. There was a lack of clear vision or direction for the Company. BJB-NA did not focus on profitability as a measurement of success. The attitude around BJB-NA was more about â€Å"keeping the peace† than creating any conflict or hostility. Even with a passive work environment, employee morale was low. Employees tended to blame other parts of the Company for their problems. The competitive environment in the High Net Individual (â€Å"HNI†) private banking sector increased dramatically during the 1990’s. BJB-NA was a boutique private bank in a business where bulge bracket firms dominated the competitive landscape. As such, the key factors for success in the HNI market were now recognized as differentiation (not cost leadership), improved client relationship management, broad product range and strong client-responsiveness. BJB-NA strived to be a partner organization that differentiated itself from the competition by satisfying the needs of its clients. The existing organization structure consisted of BJB-NA organized into four regionally-based â€Å"teams. † Poor communication existed throughout the Company as the staff didn’t know what was going on and there was little cohesion among units. BJB-NA operated on a â€Å"need to know† basis. Team leaders were not responsible for their own budgets, as it was not known if their teams were profitable or not. To further support the lack of accountability at BJB-NA, the Company did not have a systematic performance valuation system and lacked a compensation system tied to customer growth and returns. Bonuses were virtually guaranteed and all bonus decisions were made by Bank’s top leadership. Most likely, there were employees who â€Å"flew under the radar† if they underperformed since the Company never laid anyone off. Adamà ¢â‚¬â„¢s Changes and Evaluation Adam arrived at BJB-NA and immediately laid out an action plan to turn around the Company. One of Adam’s best early moves was his selection of Denise Downey to head the Segmentation Study Team. Downey was well respected by the employees that she led and was able to thoroughly evaluate the organization and deliver results to the Company and Adam. Based on the Segmentation Study, Adam wanted BJB-NA to really stand-behind its promises to be a partner organization. He encouraged full transparency and a strong focus on measurable results and accountability. Specifically, he focused on the following three initiatives: Refocus the Company strategy: Adam emphasized that BJB-NA shift its focus to Europeans, Asians, Canadians and Latin Americas who live outside the U. S. who had U. S. based asset management needs. By targeting specific geographic and customer segments, it allowed the Company to specifically focus its strategy and resources rather than spread itself too thin to satisfy a larger, diverse customer base. In addition, he asked some longstanding personal clients who were not profitable to close their accounts. Not only did this change the Company’s customer focus, but also, it signaled to employees that Adam had confidence and high expectations for BJB-NA. Establish new performance expectations: Adam developed productivity assumptions that would hold employees more accountable. He established measurable criteria related to book value, relationships and accounts. Previously, Company employees truly did not know their clients. As a result, it was difficult for management to identify top and low performers. Adam’s established criteria that pushed Relationship Managers past their comfort zone. Before Adam took the helm at BJB-NA, almost everyone received bonuses regardless of their performance. Tying a bonus program with a structure performance evaluation system incentivizes those who bring success and growth potential to the Company. Modify the organization structure: Adam slightly altered the structure of BJB-NA by having a client-segment focus within existing geographic areas. As such, the decision making processes were now decentralized to each of the regional teams. Previously, the advisory and product services departments worked with all regions. After Adam took charge, he assigned advisory teams to each of the different regions to further strengthen customer relationships. Recommendations BJB-NA recognizes that its future success hinges on one important factor: its clients. Our consulting firm wants the Company to further expand and impact its clients beyond what Adam has already planned. Our approach is a client-centric strategy that focuses on two key initiatives: (1) Aggressively recruiting top talent to enhance client acquisition and performance (2) Overhauling the compensation scheme and performance measures. Each initiative, accompanied by supporting tactics, will align to elevate the client experience, resulting in deepening wallet share, increasing warm referrals, and building the BJB-NA brand in supreme customer service. I. Recruiting the Right Talent. Recruiting the right people to manage and advise BJB-NA’s clients will be critical to sustaining long-term growth and increasing assets-under-management. Recruiting will align with the Company’s geographic approach to segmentation by adopting three tactics:  · Local talent recruitment – a successful private banker needs an outgoing, service-orientated personality, and the ability to connect with potential and existing clients. In connecting with clients, it becomes mandatory that future private bankers will be recruited from local regions. This strategy will generate bankers who know the local customs and cultures, speak the language, and are involved in the community. As a result, it creates comfort and familiarity for potential clients.  · Recruit from bulge bracket private banks –Company acquisition is not a feasible option at this time. However, employee/talent acquisition is an even better method to help improve the Company. Bulge bracket private banks are typically a part of much larger conglomerates, often weighed down high-level corporate strategies and â€Å"red tape. To attract bulge bracket private bankers, BJB-NA should promote an entrepreneurial environment that offers autonomy and flexibility while still offering resources found at larger firms. Recruit from ultra-boutique private banks – BJB-NA should actively target private bankers from smaller, boutique firms that have larger books, but have a need for a more global reach. Private bank clients are becoming more global, and with that, have a specific need for banks that have an international presence. BJB-NA provides a solution with offices in Asia, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, and the United States. At the same time, by aggressively recruiting boutique bankers, BJB-NA will be able to expand its presence by acquiring the books of these bankers who may have a strong presence in untapped markets within the targeted regions. II. Restructuring Compensation and Performance Measures BJB-NA should introduce a compensation scheme that will not only be more beneficial for keeping clients’ interests first, but also offer higher potential incentives for the Company’s bankers. First and foremost, bankers will be paid based on client portfolio performance. No one will be paid on the basis of commission. While this tactic may seem counter-intuitive in the short-term, especially in the midst of a struggling economy, it acknowledges BJB-NA’s long-term commitment to its clients. Other positive externalities resulting from a new compenstation structure include: differentiation from competition, potential referrals from clients, and attention to BCB-NA’s innovative thinking. In short, BJB-NA’s message is: â€Å"We make money only when our clients make money†. Second, standard annual bonuses will be foregone. Employees would be accountable for their performance and compensated accordingly. BJB-NA will incentivize bankers by the value they add to their clients and related portfolio performances. This compensation structure ultimately rewards bankers who take of their clients and strive to grow their assets under management. Finally, BJB-NA should revise the position title of its company leaders. To accurately reflect the duties of the position, the title †Team Leader† should be changed to â€Å"Managing Director (MD)†. MD’s would have full PL and people-management responsibilities of his/her respective branch. In addition, MD’s could receive an additional bonus based on the branch’s bottom-line performance. This change will push decision-making down to MD level, promoting entrepreneurship and autonomy. III. Management and Leadership Since Adam decided to resign from his position as the leader of BJB-NA, it is vital for the Board of Directors to select a successor that will be able to implement the changes initiated under Adam’s tenure. As discussed, BJB-NA needs to aggressively put its clients before anything else in its business. The new successor should be an experienced professional who deeply understands the Company’s clients and industry. Taking these requirements into consideration, we recommend that the Board of Directors pick Adam’s successor from a list of internal candidates only. Currently, the firm is in a state of fragility. Employees are stressed and morale is low. With the initial round of layoffs that included six people, any move will be highly scrutinized and may have a long-term impact on the organization. Employees were already caught off guard with Adam’s resignation, especially after he led the restructuring efforts at an off-site meeting that seemed to build positive momentum. To replace Adam’s with an external candidate may put the Company in a state of flux. An external candidate would not have attended the restructuring meetings and participated in the Segmentation Study. He/she may have different views of how the organization should be changed. In addition, the HNI private banking industry is built around relationships. To bring on a new leader who hasn’t built a strong rapport with a majority of the Company’s clients would make the leadership transition a difficult process. One potential internal candidate BJB-NA should consider is Denise Downey. Downey is currently the Head of U. S. Domestic Clients, but more importantly she led the Segmentation Study that evaluated areas of improvement needed at BJB-NA. Employees viewed Downey as a strong, effective leader who always delivers results. As a sign of trust, Adam gave Downey significant autonomy during her time leading the study. Elevating Downey to the C-suite level would be a fairly seamless transition. Downey has significant experience understanding the clientele of BJB-NA since she already leads U. S. client group. With all of the â€Å"client-focused† changes that need to be implemented by Adam, Downey will be best candidate to effectively communicate the steps needed during the transition period. For example, during her time as the Segmentation Study leader, Downey took the initiative to send updates to the entire bank. Alternate Approaches Deviating from a client-centric strategic plan could negatively impact BCB-NA’s future success. Nonetheless, two other alternate approaches were considered. The first approach considered a compensation system where bankers would be paid variable commissions based on fee-based transactions. The variable in commissions would depend on the type of investment vehicles clients would invest in. This viable approach guarantees cash flows from transactions with no dramatic culture change. However, after careful consideration, this alternative was rejected since bankers would be incentivized more by selling a diversity of investment vehicles to clients rather than working for clients’ best interests. The second approach considered but rejected involved an overhaul of the organization structure. After the Segmentation findings, Adam seemed adamant about moving away from the geographic-focused organizational structure of the Company. As such, an alternative approach considered was to eliminate geographic departments and implement an organizational structure focused on client-type. One of the key success factors for companies in the private banking industry is to customize services based on the needs of customers. A BJB-NA client-focused structure based on client characteristics (such as wealth, age, income level) may be more advantageous, especially with raised expectations now required by Adam on bankers’ book of clients. Additionally, within a geographic organization, conflict may occur between local regional management and the executives at corporate. As such, this may hurt the opportunity for knowledge sharing and collaboration, values emphasized by the Baer family. However, as much as a client-focused structure might have its advantages, a geographic organizational structure still is the most effective for BJB-NA. Communication is much more personal in geographic organizational structures. Instead of calling or videoconferencing with olleagues across the globe, it forces employees to sit next to each other to form collaborative teams, values preached by the Baer family. In addition, it allows employees to understand each other’s personalities and work styles. Besides the human capital element, geographic work teams allow BJB-NA to hire leaders familiar with the local business environment, something vital for the relationship-focused private banking industry. Not only will employees understand the client better but the clients will be more comfortable around employees who share similar interests and culture.

The Photoelectric Effect

The Photoelectric Effect Assessment Task Topic: The Photoelectric Effect 1. Introduction The photoelectric effect is the name given to the phenomenon whereby electrons are emitted from a metal when exposed to electromagnetic radiation of the appropriate frequency. It was first discovered by Heinrich Hertz in 1887, but remained a conundrum to many scientists who sought to explain it, as it clearly contradicted the accepted principles of classical physics such as James Clerk Maxwells Theory of Electromagnetic Waves. This phenomenon, unable to be explained by the wave model of light, was finally explained by Albert Einstein in 1905 with the inception of his Quantum Theory, a concept that would completely revolutionise scientific thought. The photoelectric effect has played and continues to play an important role in mankinds scientific development. 2. Discovery of the Photoelectric Effect: Hertz The original observation of the photoelectric effect can be traced back to the German scientist Heinrich Hertz. In 1887, in an attempt to generate and detect electromagnetic radiation, Hertz created a rapidly-oscillating electric field with a high voltage induction coil to cause a spark discharge between two spherical brass electrodes. He observed that when a small length of copper wire with brass spheres attached on either end was bent into a loop, leaving a small gap between the spheres, and held near the sparking induction coil, a spark would jump across the gap at the same time when the brass electrodes in the induction loop sparked. This induced spark occurred despite the copper loop not being connected to any electrical current source. Thus Hertz came to the conclusion that the copper loop was a detector of the electromagnetic waves propagated by the transmitting loop. This successful experiment was followed up by a series of others, through which Hertz demonstrated that these electromagnetic waves could be reflected from a metal mirror, and refracted as they passed through a prism made from pitch, thus proving that these waves behaved similarly to light waves. He also proved these waves were polarised. Through the course of his investigations, he discovered a mysterious phenomenon: I occasionally enclosed the spark B[the detector spark]in a dark case so as to more easily make the observations; and in so doing I observed that the maximum spark-length became decidedly smaller in the case than it was before. On removing in succession the various parts of the case, it was seen that the only portion of it which exercised this prejudicial effect was that which screened the spark B from the spark A[the transmitter spark]. The partition on that side exhibited this effect, not only when it was in the immediate neighbourhood of the spark B, but also when it was interposed at greater distances from B between A and B. A phenomenon so remarkable called for closer investigation. Upon shielding the detecting loop with glass, the intensity of the spark produced was reduced. However, when a quartz shield (a substance that allows UV rays to pass) was applied, there was no drop in the spark intensity. He then used a quartz prism to separate the light from the transmitter spark into its various components, discovering that the wavelength which made the detector spark more powerful was in the ultraviolet range. Unable to explain this phenomenon, Hertz concluded his series of investigations in 1887, declaring that: †¦ I confine myself at present to communicating the results obtained, without attempting any theory respecting the manner in which the observed phenomena are brought about. 3. Further Investigations: Hallwachs, Thomson, von Lenard After learning of Hertzs experiments, another German scientist, Wilhelm Hallwachs, devised a much simpler investigation to demonstrate the photoelectric effect. In his own words: In a recent publication Hertz has described investigations on the dependence of the maximum length of an induction spark on the radiation received by it from another induction spark. He proved that the phenomenon observed is an action of the ultraviolet light. No further light on the nature of the phenomenon could be obtained, because of the complicated conditions of the research in which it appeared. I have endeavored to obtain related phenomena which would occur under simpler conditions, in order to make the explanation of the phenomena easier. Success was obtained by investigating the action of the electric light on electrically charged bodies. By placing a zinc plate atop an insulating stand and wiring it to a negatively-charged gold leaf electroscope, he observed a slow loss of charge from the electroscope. However, when he exposed the zinc plate to ultraviolet light from an arc lamp or from burning magnesium, the discharge occurred much quicker. Conversely, a positively-charged electroscope resulted in no fast leakage of charge. In 1899, British scientist J.J. Thomson finally identified that the light caused the metal surface to emit electrons. He enclosed the metal in an evacuated tube before exposing it to radiation, showing the electrons to be the same particles emitted in cathode ray tubes. Three years later, German physicist Philipp von Lenard, who had worked with Hertz earlier in Bonn, conducted a series of experiments in which he used a bright carbon arc light to examine how the energy of the emitted electrons varied with the lights intensity (see Figure 2). By using a vacuum tube, he showed that when electrons emitted by the metal plate upon exposure to light hit another plate, the collector, a small measurable current was produced. By charging the collector negatively so as to repel the electrons, von Lenard discovered that a minimum voltage existed, Vstop, so that only electrons with a certain energy threshold could reach the collector and thus generate a current. He found that while increasing light intensity caused more electrons to be emitted (as can be gathered from an observed increase in current), it did not affect the amount of energy carried by each electron, as the stopping voltage was constant. On the other hand, increasing the frequency of the light led to an augmentation in the electrons kinetic energy, thus finding that for a particular frequency of light, the kinetic energy of the electrons remained constant. Von Lenard also showed that if the frequency was lowered beyond a certain threshold, no current was produced, regardless of the intensity of the light. However, like the scientists preceding him, he was unable to account for these phenomena. 4. Inadequacy of Classical Physics Explanations The phenomenon observed during the photoelectric effect was in contradiction to classical theory explanations such as Maxwells Theory of Electromagnetic Waves which was then commonly accepted by scientists. According to such rules of classical physics, for an electron to gain enough energy to be liberated from the metal, the metal surface would have to be exposed to the light waves for a period of time. However, as observed in experiments of the photoelectric effect, the electrons were freed instantly. The Wave Theory maintains that increasing the intensity of a beam of light also increases the amplitude of the oscillating electric field vector E, thus the amount of electrons emitted should be proportional to the intensity of the light. However, according to the observations made, the current flow was independent of light intensity, yet varied according to the frequency of the light, and was non-existent when the frequency decreased beyond a certain level, regardless of the intensity. Von Lenards experiment confirmed the existence of a threshold frequency in the photoelectric effect, another phenomenon unable to be explained with a classical physics approach. Thus the belief in light being completely wavelike in nature was incompatible with the experimental observations of the photoelectric effect. 5. Black Body Radiation and Plancks Hypothesis A black body cavity can be defined as a perfect cavity that absorbs all radiation that falls onto it and then perfectly radiates all energy absorbed until it is at equilibrium with its surroundings. The intensity of various wavelengths emitted by the black body changes according to its temperature, forming black body radiation curves (see diagram on right). Experimental data showed that the intensity of radiation emitted increased with decreasing wavelength, until a definite peak is reached, after which lower wavelengths of radiation are emitted at lower intensities. Yet, according to the classical wave theory of light, as the wavelength of the radiation emitted shortened, the intensity should increase, thus as the wavelength tends to zero, intensity would approach infinity. However, this would be a gross violation of the principle of conservation of energy. Hence it remained an inexplicable conundrum for scientists for a long time, who gave this effect the name ultraviolet catastrophe. In 1900, German scientist Max Planck came up with a revolutionary explanation for this phenomenon. He made the assumption that the radiant energy may be treated statistically not as continuous waves but rather as discrete packets of energy, each of which he called a quantum. Based on this radical assumption of light as particles, he formulated a mathematical equation by which this phenomenon could be exemplified. He proposed this relation that calculated the energy of a quantum for radiation of a certain frequency: E= hf,Ebeing the energy in joules, fthe frequency in Hertz, and ha small constant (6.626 x 10-34Js) now known as Plancks constant. Figure 4 is a graph of experimental results that confirms Plancks equation, with the gradient corresponding to h. He proposed that any quanta of a particular frequency (and thus wavelength) would carry the same amount of energy. However, he did not attribute any physical significance to this postulation, merely perceiving it as a mathematical t rick by which the corresponding answer could be obtained. 6. Quantum Theory: Einsteins Explanation Due to the inadequacies of classical physics in explaining the photoelectric effect, in 1905 Albert Einstein further developed upon Plancks hypothesis to come up with a new ground-breaking theory to explain the photoelectric effect. He proposed that light was made up not of continuous waves but rather of discrete bundles of energy which he termed photons. He wrote in the renowned journal Annalen der Physik: It seems to me that the observations on black-body radiation, photoluminescence, the production of cathode rays by ultraviolet light and other phenomena involving the emission or conversion of light can be better understood on the assumption that the energy of light is distributed discontinuously in space. According to the assumption considered here, when a light ray starting from a point is propagated, the energy is not continuously distributed over an ever increasing volume, but it consists of a finite number of energy quanta, localised in space, which move without being divided and which can be absorbed or emitted only as a whole. Einstein used Plancks equation that each photon had an energy E=hf, and proposed that light intensity was proportional to the number of photons. The higher the frequency of the electromagnetic radiation, the greater the energy carried by its photons. Einstein provided a comprehensive explanation for the photoelectric effect. When an electron is liberated from the metal surface, the energy in the light photons must be great enough to overcome the forces that bind the electrons to the surface. This minimum energy required to liberate an electron from a metal surface is known as the work function, represented by the symbol  ¢, and is dependent solely on the material of the metal. The corresponding minimum frequency required for the photons to contain the required energy is called the threshold frequency (f0). If the energy of the photon is greater than the work function of the metal (i.e. E> hf0), than the difference in their energy levels will provide the kinetic energy for the photoelectrons (electrons released from interaction with a photon), allowing them to travel and thus generate an electric current. Einsteins quantum theory explains the existence of a threshold frequency for the light below which no electrons would be emitted from the metal, an experimental observation that had puzzled scientists up to that time. Einstein established that when different metal surfaces are illuminated with monochromatic light, photoelectrons are emitted by the metal surface. The magnitude of the forces by which electrons are held varies with different metals. Thus the work functions of each different metal are also varied. Below is a table of the work functions of various metals. Figure 6:Work Functions for Various Metals Source: Nave, CR. HyperPhysics: Photoelectric Effect According to Einsteins theory a single photon collides with an electron in the metal, transferring all its energy to the electron, thus liberating the (photoelectron from the metal surface. This concept successfully explained the instantaneity of the electron emission upon light exposure, another phenomenon that classical wave theory was unable to account for. In Einsteins own words, According to the idea that the incident light consists of energy quanta†¦ one can picture the production of cathode rays by light as follows. Energy quanta penetrate into a surface layer of the body, and their energy is at least partly transformed into electron kinetic energy. The simplest picture is that a light quantum transfers all of its energy to a single electron; we shall assume that that happens. We must, however, not exclude the possibility that electrons only receive part of the energy from light quanta. An electron obtaining kinetic energy inside the body will have lost part of its kinetic energy when it has reached the surface. Moreover, we must assume that each electron on leaving the body must produce work P, which is characteristic for the body. Electrons which are excited at the surface and at right angles to it will leave the body with the greatest normal velocity. Einstein formulated an equation, known as Einsteins Photoelectric Equation, to provide a quantitative explanation for the photoelectric effect: E= hf=  ¢+ Ek with Ebeing the energy of the photon (thus E= hffrom Plancks hypothesis), ¢the work function of the particular metal ( ¢= hf0), and Ekthe photoelectrons kinetic energy (in Joules or electron volts). Einsteins theory also explains the stopping voltage in the photoelectric effect, which von Lenard had discovered earlier. This voltage is a good measure of the kinetic energy of the photoelectrons. It can be demonstrated (see figure 7) by introducing a variable electric potential difference to make the anode negative, thus generating a repelling force against the photoelectrons emitted from the cathode. As this opposing voltage is increased, it will arrive at a point where there is no current flowing in the external circuit as the photoelectrons kinetic energy is not enough to overcome the voltage. This stopping potential equals the maximum kinetic energy of the electrons at the cathode, as it is just enough to stop any electron from reaching the anode. Thus EK max= -qV0, where EK maxis the maximum kinetic energy of the electron in joules, V0the magnitude of the stopping potential in volts, and q the charge of the electron (-1.60 x 10-19C). As the unit of the joule is too large to be used effectively for atomic systems, the electron volt (eV) is employed instead, with 1 eV = 1.60 x 10-19J. Thus the maximum kinetic energy of a photoelectron can be experimentally obtained from the stopping voltage. Radiation with higher frequencies will result in higher stopping voltages, and vice versa. With his theory of the quantisation of light, Einstein was able to derive Plancks formula and account directly for such hitherto inexplicable phenomena as the photoelectric effect and black-body radiation. His work overturned the previously accepted, but now proven flawed, wave theory of light, heralding a new era with the concept of wave-particle duality, in which light can be seen both as waves and as particles (quanta). It was for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect that Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921. Another notable scientist, the American Robert Millikan, expressed grave doubts about Einsteins quantum theory and set out to experimentally prove him wrong. However, after a decade of thorough scientific investigations, Millikans results confirmed Einsteins theory in every aspect. He was even able to measure Plancks constant to within 0.5% accuracy. These travails earned Millikan the Nobel Prize in 1923 and further validated Einsteins quantum theory in explaining the photoelectric effect. 7. Practical Applications of the Photoelectric Effect The principle of the photoelectric effect is utilised in many domains. One significant application of the photoelectric effect is the solar cell. This is a device that converts electromagnetic radiation from sunlight into electrical energy. It is generally made up of a series of metallic plates facing the sun, emitting photoelectrons when struck by sunlight. These electrons then flow through an external circuit, thus generating electrical power. Another practical application is the photomultiplier tube (PMT). When light is shone onto a photosensitive cathode, electrons are emitted, and subsequently accelerated towards a second cathode. This produces more electrons, and is repeated for a number of cathodes, resulting in the multiplication of the number of electrons initially emitted by a factor of a million, to be detected as a current pulse at the final electrode. Thus PMTs are extremely sensitive light detectors, used in scientific applications that require high levels of accuracy, such as emission spectroscopy experiments. Phototubes also operate on the principle of the photoelectric effect. The electrical characteristics of these devices are dependent on the light that they are exposed to. Thus the current produced from a phototube may be used to operate sensor-based appliances such as automatic doors, sensor taps, alarm systems and light-activated counters. 8. Conclusion The photoelectric effect has undeniably played a significant role in the development of modern physics ever since its discovery. It has revolutionised mankinds understanding of the nature of light, its wave-particle duality. It was in the pursuit of an explanation for this phenomenon that Einstein made what was an important great leap forward in the world of science 3/4his conception of quantum theory. In fact the photoelectric effect and the problem of the ultraviolet catastrophe in black-body radiation formed the two experimental foundations upon which quantum theory was built. Thus the experiments conducted on the photoelectric effect can be considered among the most significant in the history of physics. Three distinguished physicists received the Nobel Prize in part for their work on the photoelectric effect: Max Planck in 1918, Albert Einstein in 1921 and Robert Millikan in 1923. The observations of the photoelectric effect and its subsequent explanations by Einstein can be regarded as directly responsible for the birth of modern physics. Appendix:A Timeline of the Photoelectric Effect Bibliography Andriessen, M et al. Physics 2: HSC Course2nded. Sydney: John Wiley Sons Australia; 2003. Burns, RW. Communications: An International History of the Formative Years. London: Institution of Electrical Engineers; 2003. Cassidy, D. [Internet]. Einstein on the Photoelectric Effect.[cited 2ndJuly 2008]. Available from http://www.aip.org/history/einstein/essay-photoelectric.htm Fowler, M. [Internet]. The Photoelectric Effect.1997. [cited 2ndJuly 2008]. Available from http://galileo.phys.virginia.edu/classes/252/photoelectric_effect.html Institute of Physics.[Internet].Did you know†¦ Photoelectric Effect.2007. [cited 2ndJuly 2008]. Available from http://www.einsteinyear.org/facts/photoelectric_effect/ Lukefahr, H Hannah J. [Internet]. Photo Electric Effect.[cited 2ndJuly 2008]. Available from http://www.eequalsmcsquared.auckland.ac.nz/sites/emc2/tl/pee/overview.cfm McGraw-Hill Higher Education. [Internet]. Millikan Oil Drop.2005. [cited 3rdJuly 2008]. Available from http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::100%::100%::/sites/dl/free/ 0072512644/117354/02_Millikan_Oil_Drop.swf::Milikan%20Oil%20Drop MIT OpenCourseWare. [Internet]. The Demise of Classical Physics.[cited 4thJuly 2008]. Available from http://ocw.mit.edu/NR/rdonlyres/Chemistry/5-61Fall-2004/EBB0651F-6B5D-4333-83CE-8FB1E0863860/0/5_61_l03_f04.pdf Nave, CR. [Internet]. Blackbody Radiation.[cited 4thJuly 2008]. Available from http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/mod6.html Nave, CR. [Internet]. Wave-Particle Duality and Photoelectric Effect.[cited 2ndJuly 2008]. Available from http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/mod1.html Ng, A. HSC Study Package 2007: Physics.Sydney; 2008. Schombert, J. [Internet]. Photoelectric Effect.[cited 2ndJuly 2008]. Available from http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/glossary/photoelectric_effect.html Ter Haar, D. The Old Quantum Theory. Oxford: Pergamon Press; 1967. [Online version cited 4thJuly 2008]. Available from http://lorentz.phl.jhu.edu/AnnusMirabilis/AeReserveArticles/eins_lq.pdf Trapp, D. [Internet]. Electrons from Bright Light: the Photoelectric Effect.. [modified 19thJan 2007; cited 3rdJuly 2008]. Available from http://homepage.mac.com/dtrapp/ePhysics.f/labV_7.html University of Winnipeg. [Internet]. The Photoelectric Effect.[modified 10thSeptember 1997; cited 2ndJuly 2008]. Available from http://theory.uwinnipeg.ca/physics/quant/node3.html Vallance, C. [Internet]. The Photoelectric Effect.[cited 3rdJuly 2008]. Available from http://physchem.ox.ac.uk/~vallance/pdfs/PhotoelectricEffect.pdf Yuly, ME. [Internet]. Photoelectric Effect. [cited 8thJuly 2008]. Available from http://campus.houghton.edu/webs/employees/myuly/Courses/phys275/Labs/photoelectric.pdf

Essay --

Introduction My approach of this paper is to examine the effectiveness of using Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) Act to ascertain how the Act response to capital market of regulating SEC corporate and external audit firms for preventing and deterring fraud. Examining SOX, we identify any deficiencies and betterment for its effective implementation with reference to academic research. With literature review on ethic, education, and culture for further fraud preventive measurement. Purpose to enact the Sarbanes-Oxley Act The Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) Act of 2002 was enacted as a reaction to a number of major corporate and accounting scandals including Enron, Tyco, Peregrine Systems, and WorldCom. These scandals, which cost investors billions of dollars when the share prices of affected companies collapsed, shook public confidence in the US securities markets. It is the most far-reaching and significant new federal regulatory statute affecting accountants and corporate governance since the Securities Acts of 1933 and 1934. SOX act impact on accountant liabilities, particularly the new regulatory agency and also accounting independence. The focus of SOX 302 is on disclosure of controls and procedures, while SOX 404 focuses on internal control over financial reporting. Under SOX Section 906, criminal penalties can be imposed on managers who knowingly certify a period report that does not comfort with the requirements. It is clearly comprehend the regulatory SEC corporate in their annual financial report: o ne on the financial statements, one on management’s assessment of internal control effectiveness, and a third on the effectiveness of internal control over financing reporting. Effectiveness of SOX Act of 2002 Prior of the SOX Act, liability wou... ...It not only requires management to provide an assessment of internal controls, but also requires auditors to provide an opinion on management assessment. It is therefore inflated the auditors’ fee and account conservatism, and increased management focus over financial reporting and internal control distracting managerial strategic actions. It is important for both management and auditors familiar with the process of implementing, evaluating, and reporting on internal control. It is also important to understand the impact of corporate governance isomorphic mechanisms such as audit committees and direct result of increased pressures from governmental and professional bodies to adopt certain professional code of ethic and organizational support as a moderator for deterring financial scandal arising from internal control weakness and misstatement of financial reporting.

The Winslow Boy by Terrance Rattigan :: Free Essay Writer

The Winslow Boy by Terrance Rattigan The Winslow Boy is a play by Terrance Rattigan. It is based on the Archer-Shee case, and is about a young fourteen-year-old boy named Ronnie, who is expelled from the Osbourne Naval Cadets for stealing a five-shilling postal order. This essay is all about some of Ronnie’s friends and family, and their different views on the case. Arthur is Ronnie’s father. He believes that Ronnie is innocent because he knows his son better than anybody and can tell when he is lying or not. On page 34-35, Arthur asks Ronnie, â€Å"Did you steal this postal order?† Ronnie’s then replies, â€Å"No, Father. I didn’t.† Arthur asks again, staring into his eyes, â€Å"Did you steal this postal order?† â€Å"No, Father. I didn’t.† Arthur continued to stare into his eyes for a moment, then relaxes. This tells us that Arthur has decided that Ronnie is innocent. At one point, he had been talking to Grace, and she had almost convinced him to give the case up, and he nearly did. He told Sir Robert Moreton and Catherine that he wasn’t going to go through with the case, but they knew that he didn’t mean it, so they gave him a few days and he decided that he had made the wrong decision and went back to Sir Robert. Grace is Ronnie’s mother. She believes that Ronnie is innocent, and that he didn’t steal the postal order, but she was very shocked when Ronnie was expelled. However, she is not as involved in the case as Arthur, and believes that he is â€Å"Blowing the whole thing out of proportion†. On page 78, for example, Grace is having a conversation with Arthur, â€Å"Oh! I wish I could see the sense of it all! (She points to Ronnie) He’s perfectly happy at a good school, doing very well. No need to ever have known about Osbourne, if you hadn’t gone and shouted it out to the whole world. As it is, whatever happens now, he’ll go through the rest of his life as ‘That boy in the Winslow Case’ â€Å" She is very motherly and comforting towards Ronnie and doesn’t like the amount of stress being put on Ronnie by the case. Catherine, Ronnie’s older sister, is a very strong-minded and intelligent person. She definitely knows that Ronnie did not steal the postal order and will not give up the case without a fight, and is prepared to sacrifice even her husband for Ronnie’s rights (This shows strong family bonds).

Human Cloning - Individualistic vs. Communitarian :: Cloning Argumentative Persuasive Argument

Human Cloning - Individualistic vs. Communitarian In many controversial topics around the world, we can find differing positions, and opinions. Many of these arguments, can be narrowed down to two different views, or constructs: individualistic and communitarian (an image of collectivism). An individualistic viewpoint "stresses the rights of the individual as a unique being" (class review). A communitarian viewpoint is more concerned with the good for the greatest number, "even if an individual must suffer or sacrifice" (class review). These different elements do not necessarily label the people as opposed to, or in favor of the topic here. They just show where your motivations lie, is your involvement for self fulfillment or for the good of society? Within the contents of this paper, I will analyze the elements of individualism and collectivism that exist in the controversial topic of cloning. When Dr. Ian Wilmut, a 52-year-old embryologist at the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh announced on that he had replaced the genetic material of sheep's egg with the DNA from an adult sheep, and created a lamb (Dolly), the topic of cloning "created" many new questions of its own. None were as controversial as: Will they apply this to humans as well? According to Dr. Wilmut, the answer was "there is no reason in principle why you couldn't do it"(clone humans), but he added, "All of us would find that offensive."(Wilmut as quoted by NYTimes, Daniel Callahan, 02/26/97). From an individualistic viewpoint, those in favor of cloning human beings, do not see it as morally, or ethically wrong. Many see it as an opportunity to have children, or possibly to "re-create" a child who is dying from a terminal illness. Using a deterministic argument, many infertile couples are worried that any "government restrictions on human cloning might hurt their chances some day for bearing children through new medical technology" ( Newsday, Thomas Maier, 03/14/1997). In a form of expressive individualism, Tom Buckowski, from Studio City, California said, "It's my body, my choice, right? But what if I want my body cloned and warehoused for spare parts? Upon what basis can government decide what I can or cannot do with my body?"(Los Angeles Times, 3/07/1997). In both examples, the predominant voice is that of the first language of individualism. The first language refers to the "individualistic mode that is the dominant American form of discourse about moral, social, and political matters" (Bellah et al, Habits of the Heart, pg.334). Anita Manning, a writer for USA TODAY revealed another individualistic argument in favor of cloning. In her article "Pressing a "right" to clone humans," Manning interviews a group of gay activists, who see

Gun Control Laws

Guns are extremely powerful weapons. They can cause destruction, harm or even death. They can be used to defend and protect or threaten and kill. Any way you look at it, guns are powerful tools not only physically but socially. As college students it is important to stay abreast of the current events and issues circulating our country today, one of which is the controversial issue of gun control. It is extremely important to pay attention to where gun control laws are headed. The directions they take not only affect our nation and society but our future as well as we all move to communities and begin to rise.One of the most controversial issues in our society is gun control legislation. Violence associated with guns is increasing every year and something must be done to stop it. Gun legislation varies in every state in some states gun policy is stricter than in other states. Gun legislation should be abolished in favor of federal gun legislation. To examine the issue with gun violenc e today we must understand the gun laws that are in effect. The gun legislation in the United States is mostly based on a state level. One federal law for example prohibits the manufacture of all plastic guns.The federal government tightly restricts fully automatic guns. Most manufactures stamp serial numbers for law purposes. The government also has regulation on importation on guns brought into the country. Also, most states restrict the purchasing of long guns the age of 18 and 21 for the purchase of hand guns. Most states prohibit the purchase of guns if you are; a convicted felon, alcoholic, drug addict and mentally ill person, alien, or a fugitive from justice. Some laws required prospective gun buyers, to get a purchase permit which comes with applicant posing background checks.A few states even require that all persons possessing guns must have license to do so, even in their homes. Some states do not ban guns from addicts this is a problem. At in the course of the crime eit her by the police or by the victim. The likelihood of social disapproval could be a negative factor. It has been known that one half of every household has at least one gun. If you restrict a victim‘s options on limiting households guns, crime could rise highly. This new policy on gun control should help lead our nation in the right direction.The massacre at the empire state building was an example of how our gun control legislation must be changed. The new federal gun legislation will provide equality among all states. Criminals will not have the option of buying a gun in a state with weak gun legislation. This new policy on gun legislation will cut down on violence dramatically. The issue of guns and gun control takes on a proportion of extreme magnitude. Weighting the rights and liberties of the individuals against the welfare and safety of the public has always been a precarious balancing act.In the United States, gun control sides firmly entrenched in their positions. Tho se parties in favor of gun ownership and the provision for such rights are in the constitution. In this climate of growing violence, rife with turmoil and crime, gun advocates feel more than ever that their position is justified. As citizens of the â€Å"Land of the free†. Possessing a gun is a fundamental right and may even be a necessity. Anti –gun lobbyists point to the same growing violence and gun related crimes in effort.The political approach on gun control deals with the issue of laws and political organization that surround the debate. The government is where the critical laws are made concerning gun control, which in turn affects the entire country. And therefore is important to look at as a key player in the debate. There are two major sides or parties in the political arena that are lobbying either for or against gun control. These two would of course be the Democrats and the Republicans, the two dominating parties in the country today.The republicans have long been supporters of the pro-gun movement, largely due to both their conservative nature as well as an increased backing over the years by the National Rifle Association, a powerful force in the pro-gun movement. During the elections the NRA gave 92% of its congressional campaign contributions the republicans giving the party ample ammo to promote their cause. Democrats are known to be largely for gun control but as public support has waned , in part due to an increase in gun sales the 9/11 attacks so has the Democrats enthusiasms to bring the issue.This is an important question to everyone involved in the issue and extremely important to society as a whole. Guns play a role in everyone‘s lives to some degree, whether it be your own possession of hunting rifle, or a pistol in the hands of a youth in your neighborhood we as Americans values our rights to freedoms granted to us by our forefathers , which includes the possession of firearms as stated in the second amendment. A s citizens we must ask ourselves, do we really want gun control laws which are created to protect us, to take away our basic rights as citizens? Gun Control Laws

The CBD (the Central Business District)

The typical CBD is in the commercial and cultural activity in a city. In many large cities, it is immediately recognizable by tall skyscrapers, the neon lights at night and the very high density of buildings, traffic and people. The CBD is usually highly accessible. It is the focus of roads, with bus and railway stations near by. The CBD usually has the highest density of bus services and taxis in the whole of the urban area. Although the residential population is only very small, during the day and evening the CBD is crowded with people working, shopping or seeking entertainment. Main functions of the CBD Shops: The CBD is usually at the top of the shopping hierarchy in a city. It has the widest range of shops and the largest department stores. Shops mainly sell comparison or high-order goods and they draw their customers from a wide sphere of influence. The highest land costs are in the centre of the CBD. In the core of the CBD, there are large department stores and branches of many national chains of shops. Smaller shops, often privately owned, are located on the edges of the CBD in the fringe area called the frame. Some shops, such as clothing, shoe and jewellery shops tend to cluster together to take advantage of competition, while others are more dispersed, such as newsagents and chemists. Offices: Banks, building societies, solicitors, company headquarters, insurance companies and government offices occupy high-rise office blocks or the upper floors above shops in the CBD. Culture & entertainment: Parts of the CBD ‘come alive' at night as the theatres, cinemas, clubs, bars and restaurants attract customers. Certain parts of cities have become famous for their nightlife, such as London's West End. The CBD of a city is not static; it is a dynamic area going through phases of growth and decline. You will see some areas in decay in a CBD of a large city, with closed shops and a rundown appearance, and others that appear lively, smart and successful. The CBD also has problems with traffic congestion, parking and pollution, as well as those caused by lack of space and shortage of land. Local planners have implemented a variety of different schemes to attempt to solve the problems of the CBD. Problems and attempted solutions in the CBD: Traffic congestion: Lots of cars and shops, services and employment in the CBD create massive problems of congestion and parking in the city centres. Roads are often narrow, with little pavement space. Some solutions include: * Ring roads and by-passes to divert traffic not going into the city centre * Urban motorways and flyovers * Public transport schemes such as ‘park and ride', the Newcastle metro, trams in Manchester * Multi-storey car parks * Pedestrianization of high streets Lack of space and the high cost of land: Competition for land has led to high prices, and growing firms find it difficult to find space. In some CBDs the smaller retailers have been forced away from the city centre because of the high costs. Some solutions include: * High-rise buildings to increase the floor area available * New retailing areas in out-of-town shopping centres in the suburbs or rural-urban fringe, in a process called decentralization Pollution: Water, land, air and noise pollution are all common in city centres. Pollution is thought to contribute to the stresses of living in urban areas and to some diseases, such as asthma and bronchitis. Some solutions include: * Laws against litter and dumping sewage in rivers * Improved provision of litter bins and road sweeping * Clean Air Acts that allow only the use of smokeless fuels * Clean-fuel technology and vehicles that run on methane gas or electricity * Banning heavy lorries from passing through city centres * Increased planting of trees and shrubs Urban decline: Parts of some CBDs have declined. Shops and offices have closed down and the empty buildings and vandalized. City centres compete with out-of-town shopping centres to cater for the growing demands of shoppers. Some solutions include: * Redevelopment of zones of decline in the CBD such as King's Cross and Covent Garden in London * Expansion of the CBD into areas of the inner city – old factories and substandard terraced housing have been cleared, rehousing the occupants in the suburbs or New Towns and filling the space with new shopping and office developments